Caerleon and the National Roman Legion Museum - Part Two

After having spent a rather damp but fascinating tour around the archaeology in Caerleon and after a fortifying hot cup or two of tea and a home made muffin we were off to visit the National Roman Legion Museum.

There is nothing quite like seeing an item close up and being able to take in the scale and detail of it. Visits to museums inform my painting and modelling as does the other activities of battlefield touring and reading and it is just another rewarding aspect of the hobby.

Roman helmets of any period are rare and the example below is the first classic 1st Century model that I had seen. Despite the years in the ground the level of craftsmanship and detail make this iconic helmet a thing of wonder and I was thrilled to see it.

1st Century Legionary Helmet from Brigetio in Hungary

My camera didn't stop as I worked my way round this amazing collection of all things Roman and I have selected some of the best pictures to illustrate the point. This first section focuses on the soldiers equipment, from the helmets weapons and day to day equipment such as cooking pans.

The Roman secret weapon, the pilum,
with those needle shaped points and thin shank

The unmistakable shape of the original landmine - caltrops

The artistry in the enamelled harness stud above is incredible in its complexity and fine workmanship.

The manikins wearing equipment provided by the Ermine Street Guard really bring the display to life and give a vivid impression of what the items on display would have looked like.

As I mentioned in the first part of this post, it is the personal items that provide a link to the people of the time that I find the most interesting and the inscriptions on Roman grave stones by soldiers comrades and/or family fall very much into that category.

Gravestone of  Tadia Vallaunius and Tadius Exuperatus, recording a soldiers family brought up at the fortress. Tadia Exuperatus died while serving with a detachment of the legion in Germany, and it is thought his father had probably been a serving soldier at the time.

The inscription reads
"To the spirits of the departed; Tadia Vallaunius lived 65 years and Tadius Exuperatus, her son, lived 37 years, having died on the German expedition; Tadia Exuperata, the devoted daughter, set this stone up to her mother and brother beside her father's tomb."

This fragment of a head stone had been reused in a building in the town and refers to a Sanctinius Exuperatus, who may have been the father to Tadia and Tadius referred to above.

It reads;
"D(is) M(anibus) / Sanctinius / (E) xsuperatus..."
"To the spirits of the departed Sanctinius Exuperatus....."

Gravestone to a Roman Cavalryman - Aurelius Herculanus
"To the spirits of the departed; Aurelius Herculanus, trooper, lived 28 years; his wife had this set up."

As in Exeter, a major Roman garrison is likely spot to discover coin hoards, probably a soldiers hard earned pay put aside to pay for years in retirement, but destined never to be used.

This cooking pot discovered in Venta Silurum, modern day Caerwent, was found to contain 599 silver denarii and from the date of the latest coin in the hoard was probably buried around 160 AD. The town was a popular retirement settlement for retired soldiers of the II Augusta Legion.

The amphitheatre was a major construction project for the garrison and the soldiers responsible for its building were keen to be remembered for their work with these memorial stones recovered during the excavations and now housed in the museum.

"(centuria) Cl(audi) Cup(iti)
"The century of Claudius Cupitus (built this)"

"coh(ortis) VIII / c(enturia) lul(ius) Geme(lli)"
"The century of Julius Geme(llus) from the eighth cohort (built this)"

Finally it is to be remembered that Isca Augusta was a significant Roman headquarters and base of operations and training so it is not surprising to find examples of materials that demonstrate that importance and status.

The wall screen below with a section painted to illustrate how it might have appeared at the time is illustrative of that status.

In addition the mosaic below found in the headquarters building area is indicative of the kind of offices and apartments you might expect to see in a building occupied by high ranking senior Roman officers.

We really enjoyed the day at Caerleon which provided a lovely contrast of exploring the archaeology in the town that, despite the weather, got us out in the fresh air, with the chance to see the finds revealed in the town together with other associated artefacts that just added to the experience.

I should also say that the museum is really geared up to entertaining and educating children, so if you do have the kids in tow, you will find there is plenty there for them to get involved in including child size Roman equipment to try on. My kids are a bit bigger these days but I know they would have loved this kind of museum.

If you get the chance to visit, then I would recommend you make the time, I don't think you will be disappointed. As you will see below, I picked up the guide book to the neighbouring settlement of Caerwent or Roman Venta Siluram which we didn't get time to see but is on the list for a return visit.

For the wargamer you can also take some time to pop down the road to Cardiff and pick up a few essentials at Firestorm Games. I killed two birds with one stone by getting my contribution to this year's Devon Wargames Group Xmas game, with all members tasked with producing a unit of Dark Age warriors. A new venture for me with some lovely figures to look forward to putting together later in the year.

Caerleon and the National Roman Legion Museum - Part One

This week Carolyn and I spent a very pleasant weekend away in Cardiff enjoying being a couple again and taking in a bit fine dining, shopping and culture.

The culture side of our weekend away meant following up on a long term plan to visit the 1st Century base of II Augusta Legion at Isca Augusta, modern day Caerleon in South Wales. This visit dovetailed perfectly as a follow up to my post in December last year to the Royal Albert Museum in Exeter that covered in some detail the history and artefacts of II Augusta's first base in Isca Dumnoniorum, modern day Exeter.

http://jjwargames.blogspot.co.uk/2015/12/royal-albert-museum-art-gallery-exeter.html

The Roman II Augusta Legion is thought to have relocated its base of operations from Exeter to Caerleon sometime around 74-78 AD after having possibly temporarily located to Gloucester in the mid 60's where the legion provided men for pacification of the northern borders under Emperor Vespasian's chosen governor, Peteillius  Cerialis (71-74 AD). It then moved into South Wales or rather the territory of the Silures under the command of the new governor Sextus Julius Frontinus, an experienced soldier picked by Vespasian to deal with this stubbornly fierce tribe who had been resisting Roman occupation for nearly thirty years, inflicting several punishing defeats to the legions in that time.

We arrived in Caerleon on a very wet Sunday, though thankfully not as wet as the Saturday where we dashed between shops in Cardiff in driving wind and rain. I wonder if the II Augusta were treated to similar weather when they got down to constructing the first level of defence for their new base.

The National Roman Legion Museum is in Caerleon but, understandably, doesn't open until 2pm on a Sunday and so we spent the morning looking at the remains of the legionary baths, amphitheatre and barracks before a light lunch and off to the museum. Needless to say, I took plenty of pictures to share and decided to split the post into two parts to mirror the day.

The map illustration of Caerleon today and the Roman related sites dotted around the town is taken from my excellent guide book purchased in the museum.

The map above should give you an idea of the layout of Caerleon and the Roman sites open to visitors. We started at point 10 on the map (top centre) which is the bath house and has a handy car park for getting ones bearings. We then moved on to the amphitheatre point 7, and donned waterproof trousers and walking boots to explore it (centre right) and a short walk to the barracks, points 1-4 (centre bottom) before returning to the bath house car park to partake of a well earned cup of tea and a piece of cake for lunch.

The Fortress Bath House

Impression of the fortress bath complex as it may have appeared in 80 AD - Paul Jenkins, National Museum of Wales

The picture of the bath house above helps capture the look of this impressive piece of archaeology now housed under a modern day building with great lighting displays designed to bring the stonework to life.

The remains of the open air pool as seen in the illustration above with a lighting effect to simulate water 

The open air pool and bath house at the top of the picture form the centre piece of the visitor centre.
The special light projector presents the image of a legionary swimming and occasionally "bombing" into the pool. It is really well done and brings the whole scene to life.

The construction of the baths began around 75-77 AD, about the same time as the fortress itself and the vaulted concrete main building would have towered over the other buildings and compares to medieval cathedrals such as that at Wells in Somerset for the footprint and height of the hall and vaulted ceiling.

One aspects of history that always appeals to me are the personal details that link the people of then to the people today, and it was great to see the 2,000 year old footprint of one of the legionary builders, together with his dog's paw-print left in the Roman tile clay.

One man.......

and his dog!

Oh and just to remind you who was here, the II Augusta Legion logo or brand mark can be seen emblazoned on a tile.

LEG II AUG - No doubting who built this place.

One piece of evidence that linked II Augusta's stay in Exeter and their move to Caerleon was a dolphin style roof gutter piece that was found in both sites. A similar water spout on the fountain that graced the baths had a similar dolphin design as seen on the information board below.

Alongside the open air bath the excavation reveals part of the frigidarium or cold bath hall with the plunge pools and ornate drain covers set off against skilfully placed silken drapes showing where the windows, walls and columns would have stood and giving an impression of the building's shape and appearance.

The Amphitheatre

Impression of the Caerleon Amphitheatre by John Banbury

The Caerleon amphitheatre was excavated in 1926-27 by Dr R.E.M. Wheeler and his wife Tessa and it remains the most fully excavated amphitheatre of Roman Britain.

The rail in the centre of the processional entry or Portae Pompae serves to protect some of the original Roman paving stones

The amphitheatre served two purposes, namely to provide the legionaries with off duty entertainment during the many festivals in the form of traditional Roman blood sports, but also as a ready made training ground for the soldiers to practise their skill at arms.

Carolyn looks nervous as she prepares to enter the arena - "we who are about to die salute you"

Construction of the stone built amphitheatre is thought to have begun around 90 AD and it is interesting to note that no trouble was expected by the Silures at that time, in that it is situated outside of the main fortress wall and would have obstructed any field of fire in that direction.

The sign at the main entrance to the central arena was a timely reminder that this building was as much a monument to man's inhumanity to man as an archaeological wonder and the rain on the day just seemed to add to the melancholy feel of the place.

The inner walls would have once been covered in white plaster painted with red lines to give a dressed stone appearance.

Military training as depicted by Peter Connolly

A drain runs under the centre of the arena through the south gate, centre top, that still carries water out and down to the River Usk to this day.

One of the side entrances with steps thought to have lead up to a private box

The other preserved domed side entrance is thought to have served as a shrine to the Goddess Nemesis with a VIP box above 

A lead curse tablet was found in the arena with a scratched curse written on it dedicated to the Goddess Nemesis cursing an unknown thief of a cloak and pair of boots, with the request "may he not redeem them, save with his life blood".

The brick wall at the side entrance provided a small waiting area under the stand possibly for other gladiators or animals to wait before their entrance into the arena from the side

The Barracks
By following the Roman wall along to the north west corner of the fortress one comes to the Prysg Field barracks uncovered in 1927-29 by Victor Nash-Williams.

These are the only legionary barrack blocks visible in Europe.

The four rows of barrack blocks with the semi-circular remains of the legionary ovens for cooking the rations

The picture above shows the first barrack block close to the wall separated from the line of ovens by a drainage ditch and the Via Singularis or perimeter road designed to give rapid access to the ramparts should the need arise.

The remains of the earth ramparts can be seen around the top of the picture, interspersed with cook houses backing on to the guard towers. At the far end of this block are the larger quarters of the Centurion and junior NCO's.

Modern reconstruction of one of the barrack rooms at the National Roman Legion museum

The cook house foundations with the basement of the guard tower behind forms a gap in the earth ramparts beyond the barrack room wall

Despite the drizzly weather the tour around Caerleon was fascinating and whetted the appetite for seeing some of the finds from the excavations along with other items now housed in the National Roman Legion Museum situated in the centre of town - to be covered in Part Two.

Sources referred to in this post
Caerleon Roman Fortress - Jeremy K. Knight
Caerwent Roman Town - Richard J. Brewer
https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/media/departmental/caa/The-Romans-in-Caerleon.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_era