Showing posts with label Books. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Books. Show all posts

Saturday, 25 November 2023

The Frontier Sea, The Napoleonic Wars in the Adriatic - Dave Watson

 

My recent reading has included this interesting title, 'The Frontier Sea' written by Dave Watson (DW) looking at the warfare in and around the Adriatic Sea that formed a very specific theatre in the wider conflict in the Mediterranean during the Napoleonic Wars.

I can't say as a Napoleonic scholar that I am as well read enough on this very interesting but seemingly little covered theatre of the wider French Revolutionary and Napoleonic War, having, like many I guess, focussed more attention on the wider land war in mainland Europe, the Iberian Peninsular and the Western Mediterranean and the campaigns in Egypt and the Levant, thus leaving a poorer understanding of the role of the great powers bordering on the central and eastern Mediterranean such as Austria, the Ottomans and of course the Russians projecting power through the use of their Black Sea Fleet.

These key players were inevitably drawn into the back drop of the struggle between Great Britain and the French Empire in what developed into a sort of Mediterranean Great Game of power politics as the wider future of Europe was determined during the First Great War.

A small copy of the Johnson Map of the Austrian and Turkish Empire is used to illustrate the book and is available on Wikipedia to download which might be a good recommendation when following the text, to have a larger copy of it to hand as it will definitely help to provide a good sense of the territory in what can at times seem a complicated part of the world to understand with all the name changes that have occurred over the centuries.
Johnson Map of Austrian Empire

With my current focus on the naval conflicts that characterised this period, I am well aware of some of the naval actions that were a feature of the war that developed in the Adriatic, the Battle of Lissa fought in 1811 being perhaps the most famous, particularly in the latter part of the Napoleonic conflict and I was fortunate to listen to Gareth Glover wax lyrically about the theatre when he presented on his new book at the time 'The Forgotten War against Napoleon - Conflict in the Mediterranean 1793-1815', back in 2020, link below.

However books focussed specifically on the conflict fought in the Adriatic Sea and its coastal area are few and far between and with Glover's book acting as a prompt to know more, and having spent pleasant summer holidays in the area in places such as Pula, now in Croatia but was part of the former Yugoslavia when I visited, just after the death of Tito, the Greek Islands of Paxos and Corfu and of course Venice, several times, I was keen to develop my understanding, always with a wargaming interest underpinning the historical one.

The other interesting aspect to this particular book is that as well as being somewhat of a specialist in this specific theatre of the Napoleonic Wars, as the links to DW's blog and Balkan history platform will show, he is also a wargamer and takes an appendix to his detailed history to look specifically at wargaming the Adriatic conflicts, including details on rules, figures and scenarios that I found very useful, quoting as he does a hero of mine, the late Dr David Chandler;

'I have never underestimated the value of wargaming as an aid to serious study as well as a means of relaxation.'

A sentiment by the great man that I wholeheartedly concur with.

Interestingly my reading of this book coincided with my current diet of Audible listening whilst working on my current Camperdown project which is focussed on working my way through the Aubrey-Maturin series of books by Patrick O'Brian, and happened to be listening to one of the titles referenced, namely The Ionian Mission, which concludes with the dramatic action between Aubrey's 28-gun frigate Surprise and the Turkish frigate Torgud 32-guns, mounting 24-pounders and two mighty 42-pounders amidships supported by a corvette Kitabi 20-guns off the southern tip of Corfu.

Of course O'Brian was referencing an historical engagement for his fictional account covered in Watson's account, namely that between HMS Seahorse 38-guns and the Turkish 52-gun frigate Badere Zaffer and an accompanying corvette Alis Fezzan, on the 5th-6th July 1808, with the Turkish frigate similarly armed.

As I was reading DW's history I found myself thinking, hang on where have I heard of this action before, until I came to the next line explaining O'Brian's adaptation. Needless to say, another two scenarios have been added to the list, both the historical and fictional ones and if you are similarly interested you might find the links below useful.

HMS Seahorse capturing the Badiri-i-Zaffer 6th July 1808 - Thomas Butterworth (RMG)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Seahorse_(1794)
Ship Manoeuvres in Patrick O'Brian's Ionian Mission

As well as wargaming and fictional references, DW's account is very much about the actual history, looking at the theatre in the French Revolutionary War period prior to 1797 and from then up to the Treaty of Amiens in 1802, with specific sections looking at the Russian, Ottoman, Venician and Austrian interests that impacted on British and French involvement.

Albanian Soldier (New York Public Library) Turkey 1810-17
One of the illustrations in the book covering Ottoman uniforms

This involves looking at the forces involved, land and sea together with the key commanders such as Ali Pasha, Sultan Selim III, Admiral Fyodor Ushakov and Osman Pasvanoglu, to name a few, together with principal fortresses on the mainland and the islands that were main bases for the armies and fleets.

The Balkan region was a hotbed of small wars between the competing empires of Austria, Russia and the Ottomans where the light raiding forces of both sides were key to fighting in the rugged and broken terrain that characterises the region.

Battle of Lissa 13th March 1811 - Nicholas Pocock
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lissa_%281811%29

This, alongside the wider Napoleonic conflict that sees French expansion in the area between 1802-09, also includes an account of the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-09, and the 1st Serbian Revolt, before moving to the period of French declining fortunes from 1810-15 and a greater British presence in the Adriatic against a background of another Russo-Turkish War 1809-12 and another Serbian revolt, well illustrating the hotbed of activity and diplomatic minefields that the theatre was for the competing British and French commanders, seeking to extend alliances and sow discontent among those of the enemy.

Combat de la Pomone, 1811 - Pierre Julien Gilbert

The Frontier Sea - The Napoleonic Wars in the Adriatic, is in paperback and is published by Amazon with a cover design by Henry Hyde, featuring the battle between the French frigate Pomone 40-guns and the British frigates Alceste and Active each of 38-guns fought close to the island of Augusta (modern day Lastovo) in the Adriatic on 29th November 1811.

The book is consists of 175 pages that includes the following:

Prologue
Introduction

Chapter 1 - The Adriatic before 1797
Russia
Ottoman Empire
Austria
Naval Warfare

Chapter 2 - War comes to the Adriatic -1797 to 1802
Ionian Islands
The Russians enter the Mediterranean
Ali Pasha and the French
The War of the Second Coalition 1799-1801

Chapter 3 - Small War in the Balkans
The Military Border
The Ottoman Frontier
Border Conflicts
Ali Pasha

Chapter 4 - French Expansion 1802-09
Italy
Dalmatian Campaign of 1806
Naval Attack on Istanbul
Russo-Turkish War 1806-09
1st Serbian Revolt
Adriatic Manoeuvres

Chapter 5 - France on the Defensive 1810-15
Russo-Turkish War 1809-12
British Adriatic Offensive
Kingdom of Naples
Serbian Revolt Reignites

Chapter 6 - Armed Forces in the Adriatic
France
Russia
Britain
Ottoman Empire
Montenegro
Austria

Chapter 7 - Conclusion

Appendix 1 - Chronology
Appendix 2 - Wargaming the Adriatic Conflicts

Notes
Bibliography
Acknowledgements
End Notes
About the Author

At the time of writing, the book is available through Amazon for £8.99 and on Kindle for £8.90

I very much enjoyed this read about what for me was very much a superficial understanding of the events of this period in history for this very particular region and I now feel I have a much better understanding of them, so much so that it has informed my continued listening of Patrick O'Brian's 'Treason's Harbour' and has fired the imagination for the creation of some more single-ship and small squadron engagements that I have been compiling for my 1:700th collection of ships using the accounts from William James.

If you are interested in the theatre, I think this book would be a good one to have in the library and I'm sure I will be referencing from it in the future.

If I were to include two smallish criticisms it would include the age old one of more maps and bigger ones that are easy to consult for those of us unfamiliar with the places being referenced, and an index to aid search specific reference subjects more readily. The End Notes giving the sources is excellent but for most purposes I find a reference list at the back of my books often the most useful resource once I've read a book and discovered its worth.

Dave Watson includes his personal profile that mentions his role as Secretary of the Glasgow and District Wargames Society, amongst other things and as well as authoring several other books including 'Turkey and the Second World War' by Helion, is editor of the Balkan Military History Web Site and has his own blog, Balkan Wargamer (links above and below).
Next up on JJ's: Progress continues with the Camperdown collection as Powerful 74-guns, Agincourt 64-guns and Adamant 50-guns complete this weekend before transferring to the riggers yard next week to complete the line up of the ships in the British Leeward Division, and I have a post coming together continuing Carolyn's and my adventures on the north Queensland coast of Australia around Cairns, exploring the Great Barrier Reef and the amazing tropical rainforests in the area - more anon.

JJ

Saturday, 7 October 2023

The Black Ship & Mutiny on the Spanish Main - Dudley Pope & Angus Konstam

  

This is a bit of a first here on JJ's as I thought I would attempt to present a double-bill for a book review, the first being 'The Black Ship' by Dudley Pope which I have just finished reading, and the other account, 'Mutiny on the Spanish Main' by Angus Konstam, which I listened to on Audible whilst reading the former; both titles dealing with the mutiny aboard HMS Hermione in 1797 and its subsequent cutting out from the port of La Guaira in modern day Venezuela after the mutineers who had bloodily murdered the captain and almost all of their officers, handed the ship to the Spanish in return for protection from retribution by the British Royal Navy, thus adding treason to their charge list.

I have to say that I didn't know quite what to expect with The Black Ship as my familiarity with Dudley Pope is most obviously through his novel writing and his most famous creation in naval fiction, Captain Horatio Hornblower, a character I first came to know through one of my English teachers who chose to read the books to our class as part of some of my very first English literature classes, and of course I fell in love with the daring-do recounted in those stories, read by my teacher who was quite obviously a fan of the genre.

Editors Note
As Ion, quite rightly points out below in the comments, Dudley Pope was not responsible for any Hornblower novel, despite my affection for them from a past life and as he quite rightly points out, Nicholas Lord Ramage was indeed his creation, a series I have read and enjoyed, but despite that, my mind said one thing and my fingers typed something completely different, 'mea culpa', and I intend to leave my amended faux pas here to prove that it is not unknown for me to write and speak absolute nonsense, just ask my wife, and that the last man who was perfect died over 2,000 years ago, a thought that I desperately cling to each and every day.

That said, I know my original comment about not knowing what to have expected with 'The Black Ship' still stands for the very same reason if for an entirely different cause and that my admiration for the creation of Patrick O'Brian remains unchanged.

The drawings of His Majesty's 32-gun frigate Hermione

However as I matured in my reading tastes via Alexander Kent and the Bolitho stories to eventually end up with Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey and Maturin series of books, I came to view Pope as a bit formulaic, lacking the depth portrayed in O'Brian's works which in mine and many others opinions stand head and shoulders above the rest.

This view together with my appreciation of when The Black Ship was first written, with the first edition hitting the bookshelves back in 1963, made me wonder how relevant it would be to today's audience.

The other part of my thinking focussed on the fact that the book had seen two subsequent republishing's in 2003 and 2009, mine being the latter, a paperback edition from Pen & Sword, which would suggest a relevance that was soon revealed to me on my starting to read how the book came about and Pope and his wife's work to see it published.

Additionally O'Brian's novels have an historical underpinning that creates much of the depth alluded to, part of which is his main character, Captain Jack Aubrey's association with actual historical characters and ships, with the frigate HMS Surprise playing a starring role, along with characters he meets who took part in the cutting out operation that made the culmination of the Hermione story so compelling to age of sail enthusiasts over the centuries since that black night of the 21st September 1797.

Hermione's initial area of operations in 1794, Prince's Port and Cape St Nicholas are shown on the western side of Hispaniola/San Domingo. The Mona Passage, where Hermione would conduct her last patrol before the mutiny, is between San Domingo and Puerto Rico.

Alongside my reading of Pope's work, it happened that I was deep into an 'All at Sea' painting project, and like many wargamers I like to listen to something while I paint, and Audible plays a big part in my listening, and so I thought I would really immerse myself into the Hermione story by getting a copy of Angus Konstam's look at this famous nautical yarn, with Angus' name very familiar to anyone in the hobby and certainly in the realm of naval history writing with lots of titles written by him in the catalogue of the Osprey publishers and I thoroughly enjoyed the experience of listening, reading and modelling as an experience.

For those unfamiliar with what was the most bloody mutiny in Royal Navy history, the Hermione was the lead ship of her class of six frigates, herself launched in Bristol in 1782 in response to the needs of the Royal Navy busy fending off the navies of France, Spain and the Dutch in the American War of Independence, but joining the force as that war was reaching its conclusion and a cessation of hostilities, which would see Hermione paid off in 1785 and effectively put in 'mothballs' until late 1792 when the ship was prepared for another war brewing, namely that against Revolutionary France the following year.

Captain, later Admiral Sir Hyde Parker - George Romney circa 1760
To quote Pope 'faced with mutiny he advocated 'imposing discipline' by the terror of punishment in this momentary crisis . . . '

On the 10th March 1793, Hermione sailed to Port Royal, Jamaica under the command of Captain John Hills to begin her service in the Caribbean under the overall command of Vice-Admiral of the Red, Sir Hyde Parker, which would see Hermione participating in the attack on Port-au-Prince in June 1794, protecting troop transports for a British attack on the French territory.

Cape Nicolas Mole - Colonel Coote Manningham

Port-au-Prince was captured by the British along with a large number of merchant ships, before being forced to evacuate the port and retire to Cape Nicolas Mole at the western end of Santo Domingo, now modern day Haiti, eventually becoming Parker's main base of operations as he relocated his command there from Jamaica.

A plan of Cape Nicolas Mole circa 1794

Cape Nicolas was a mosquito infested anchorage and 'Yellow Jack', better known today as Yellow Fever, took its toll, and by September 1794 Captain Hills along with many of the Hermione's had died of it, Hills replaced by Captain Philip Wilkinson, himself replaced by Captain Hugh Pigot in February 1797, the year of the Spithead and Nore mutinies.

Pigot was the second son Admiral Hugh Pigot, starting his naval career as an admiral's servant in 1782, a midshipman by 1784, commissioned lieutenant by 1790 and achieved post-captain rank by 1794, taking command of the 14-gun sloop Swan.

Whilst in command of the Swan he managed to ram a merchant ship, Canada, in the English Channel in May 1794, evading censure by placing the blame on the master of the merchant.

By September 1794 he was in command of the 32-gun frigate HMS Success during which, over a period of nine months he ordered 85 floggings from which two men died.

HMS Success 32-guns, seen here depicting her attack and destruction of the Spanish 34-gun frigate Santa Catalina of Cape Spartel, 16th March 1782, later to be commanded by Captain Hugh Pigot from 1st September 1794.

In 1795 he was involved in another collision, this time with the Mercury, an American merchant ship that was part of the convoy he was tasked to escort. He again blamed the master of the merchantman, later claiming that he thought the American had deliberately collided with his ship to leave the rest of the convoy unescorted as they passed the privateer infested coast of French Santo Domingo.

The incident caused a major diplomatic confrontation with the Americans, when it came to their attention that, in his rage, Pigot had the American master seized and flogged, but was effectively protected by Admiral Hyde Parker, who sought to deal with the issue locally and with his court-martial allowing Pigot to get away with an apology; and with Parker arranging for him to exchange command of the Success to the Hermione, as his former command was due to return home for a much needed refit, but Pigot's return with it, likely to land him in even 'hotter water' with the Admiralty, still dealing with the repercussions for his causing the diplomatic rupture with the Americans, themselves seething at the perceived snub to one of their citizens by a haughty British Royal Navy captain.

Flogging with the cat-o'-nine-tails.
The experience of being flogged differed from one man to another with one commenting, 'Nothing but an O, a few O my Gods, and then you can put your shirt on.' While another man, a soldier, flogged with a lighter cat than used by the navy commented, after the first two or three strokes, 'The pain in my lungs was more severe, I thought, than on my back, I felt as if I would burst in the internal parts of my body . . . I put my tongue between my teeth, held it there, and bit in almost two pieces. What with blood from my tongue, and my lips, which I had also bitten, and the blood from my lung, or some other internal part , ruptured by the writhing agony, I was almost choked, and became black in the face.'

The Hermione was at the time of Pigot's arrival an effective command but one not entirely content with their former captain, Philip Wilkinson, who had an unenviable discipline record himself, seeing him flog thirteen of his crew over ten months to October 1795, with 408 lashes administered between them and with two men receiving 72 lashes in one punishment, this at a time when captains were not supposed to issue an order for more than 24 lashes without seeking permission from a commander, a rule frequently ignored by commanders of flag rank and below.

However if the 'Hermiones' were discontent with their former captain's style of man-management they were soon to be accustomed to a much worse one with the arrival of Pigot, bringing with him his unsettling practice of marking out 'favourites' with his selection of former 'Successes' to accompany him to his new command, as was the custom, seeing many of those he had selected compelled to continue under his service because of the prize money they were due and reliant on him to pursue a quicker payout to them than if they had returned to the UK under Wilkinson.

The two distinct groups of crew established on the Hermione under Pigot would lead to further discontent and mistrust between those favoured by the captain and those not, but eventually both groups would unite behind their joint mistrust and mutual terror of the tyranny he established with his brutal enforcement of the naval code of discipline enshrined in the Articles of War read out to the crew when a new captain took command of his ship and before every punishment muster.

In Pope's account the picture of Pigot and the Hermione before and after his arrival is carefully and forensically constructed, shining a light on the factors that would begin to entwine and that would eventually create the circumstances for his crew to decide that they had no other option that to rid themselves of the tyranny that seemed to know no bounds and could arbitrarily be directed at any of them, officers or men at any time

Line and profile drawing of another class, the Active Class 1778, of 12-pounder 32-gun frigates that included HMS Ceres under the command of Robert Otway in May 1797 when she narrowly escaped being wrecked whilst sailing in company with HMS Hermione.

Pigot is portrayed as a man who was completely and utterly out of his depth when it came to leading and inspiring men to willingly follow his commands, but relied instead on a harsh unrelenting regimen of brutality that brooked no opposition from any man under his command, and when challenged by one of his junior officers, would see him double-down on a situation where he was exposed in his unfairness and inability to concede his error and make amends without his losing face, as he saw it.

The only officer able to bring any restraint to the man was his able first lieutenant John Harris, not one of Pigot's favourites, and a capable officer who had served under Wilkinson and would fall foul of his new commander one night in May when acting as the officer of the watch on Hermione, in company with HMS Ceres, Pigot commanding the two frigates and sailing north of the Gulf of Triste in search of Spanish prizes

The Gulf of Triste is centre bottom of the coastline south-west of Curacao off which Hermione and Ceres were cruising in May in search of Spanish prizes, when the latter went aground.

Pigot went below leaving Harris with orders for the course to follow to enable the two British frigates to pass that night some twelve to fifteen miles north of Point Tucacas avoiding coastal mangrove cays, little islands that could ground the two vessels.

Pigot remembered to allow for five degrees of compass variation in his course orders, but failed to allow for the well known coastal drift caused by the circular prevailing current in the bay that he had been warned about by his ship's master Edward Southcott, and failed to alert Harris of the need to keep a watch for any sign of land.

As a result, it was Harris that spotted what he thought was land in the dark, and alerted the watch to make an abrupt change of course, with the master, on arriving from below claiming he saw land about a mile off and with Harris calling the captain and firing a signal gun to Ceres, sailing closer to the shore, to alert her to the danger, too late to prevent the latter running aground.

Ceres would be refloated and returned to service in due course but in the ensuing court martial, Pigot offered up Harris as the scape-goat, the man who had salvaged a situation created by him and that should have seen him standing before a court martial, instead of his proposing that his first lieutenant had been negligible in his command of the watch that caused the grounding of the Ceres.

Rear-Admiral Sir Richard Rodney Bligh

Fortunately for Harris, the court martial was overseen by Hyde-Parker's deputy, as was customary, namely Rear-Admiral Sir Richard Rodney Bligh, Pigot being a protégé of Hyde-Parker whilst Harris was a protégé of Bligh, and a tense relationship existing between the senior British commander and his deputy.

Bligh was well aware of Harris' competency and also the character of Pigot, not fooled by the latter's attempt to place blame firmly on his subordinate, he questioned Pigot closely over his orders given to Harris and enabled Harris to make it clear that he was the only person on watch that had seen land and had acted in a timely fashion that had saved the situation from one that could have easily ended up with the loss of both ships.

To Pigot's undoubted embarrassment, Harris was cleared of the charge of negligence, and even more embarrassingly, emphasised in an underlined written verdict stating that under Harris, every necessary arrangement was made and such a 'good lookout kept.', unsurprisingly seeing John Harris immediately quit the Hermione and transfer to Admiral Bligh's ship the 74-gun Brunswick.

With Harris gone, the crew of the Hermione now had no one to temper their mercurial commander's whim, and life became 'a precarious existence at the mercy of a wilful and capricious captain whose smiles quickly became intemperate outbursts of uncontrollable rage.' 


At 16.30 on Wednesday August 16th under the orders of Sir Hyde-Parker, Pigot led a small squadron consisting of the Hermione, Renommée 32-guns and brig Diligence 16-guns, to patrol the Mona Passage for seven weeks and then return to the Mole, a frigate commanders dream come true it seemed with land on both sides of the passage in Spanish hands, and the main highway from the Spanish Main to the Atlantic, potentially rich with prizes.

The squadron arrived off the southern end of the passage on the 1st September, sweeping down it in squally weather, taking a Spanish schooner from Puerto Rico and sending her off with a prize crew aboard, then taking a 6-gun Spanish packet ship in a 'spirited action' a few days later on the 6th, and impressing some British seamen found aboard a French cartel ship bound for the Mole a week later, thus replacing some of those men sent off as prize crews, and with those coming aboard Hermione being the last names to be entered on her muster role before the mutiny.

On the 19th September a sudden squall caught the Renommée, damaging her masts and spars so badly that she was ordered by Pigot to return to the Mole for repairs, leaving Hermione and Diligence to complete the patrol alone.

On the evening of the 20th, both ships were sailing with topsails only and the order came to reef down for the night, with Pigot conducting affairs alongside his new first lieutenant, from his quarterdeck in his usual fashion, speaking trumpet in hand, ready to issue forth terrifying threats to any man not performing with the required smartness and speed, and with his topmen expected to handle their work as if under the gaze of the Commander-in-Chief himself.

What followed were a series of events described by Pope as recounted by members of the crew who witnessed them and gave their accounts at their own court martials that would see a reefpoint on the mainmast improperly tied, with the midshipman in charge David Casey ordering a man back to tie it off properly, only to be met with 'the most abusive and un-officer like language' from his enraged captain, and calling the unfortunate young midshipman 'a damn'd lubber, a worthless good for nothing.'

The young Casey would bravely attempt to respectfully reply to his captain in defence of his men that would see him put under arrest and be brought for punishment the next morning, if he did not go down on his knees before Pigot and beg his pardon for his contemptuous and disrespectful conduct the previous evening, to which he respectfully refused and was immediately tied to a bar on the capstan and flogged with twelve lashes of the cat.

Following this he stood to attention, blood running down his back to be told by his captain that he was to leave the midshipman's mess and do no more duty, and to be prepared to leave the ship at the first opportunity.



As this tale of misrule was unfolds, the account by Pope is delivered with all the skill of the artful novelist he undoubtedly was, with the tension aboard the Hermione almost palpable among each page as he develops the narrative, and with this outrageous behaviour to one of his own officers and a clear breech of fairness witnessed by the crew, the bubble was set to burst.

Five days later they would come across an American schooner and after a brief chase and inspection the Hermione and Diligence were caught in an evening squall, that would see topmen rapidly scrambling aloft to reef topsails, with Pigot issuing threats in the normal way and with his rage turned towards the men on the mizzen mast for not working quickly enough, bellowing to them, 'I'll flog the last man down.'

The threat had disastrous consequences for his topmen, as three of them in their haste plunged screaming downwards to the deck below, with one of the bodies catching the back of and injuring the Master, Edward Southcott, and seeing Pigot contemptuously observe the three bodies sprawled grotesquely on the deck only a few feet away before issuing the order to, 'Throw the lubbers overboard.'

This contemptuous behaviour from their captain brought forward murmurs of protest from men on the mainyard that pierced the shocked silence from the rest of the ship's company, causing Pigot to glance up screaming aloud, 'Bosun's mates! Bosun's Mates! Start all those men!' this issuing an immediate response from said bosun's mates scrabbling aloft and smashing the rope starters down on the heads and elbows of the offending men as they were forced to endure the beating whilst desperately maintaining their grip of the yard.

September the 20th 1797 appears to have been the straw that finally broke the camels back as far as the Hermiones were concerned about allowing their lives to be ruled by Captain Hugh Pigot any more, and the next evening with the Hermione and Diligence in pursuit of a schooner privateer, and sailing apart in the darkness, endeavouring to head off their prey from different directions the next morning, an orgy of murder and mayhem started at about 23.00, when maintopman David Forester climbed into the maintop to inform the two men on watch to come down as they were about to take the ship.

Ironically in their desire to rid themselves of tyranny the ringleaders of the mutiny would unleash a tyranny all of their own making when in the following twenty-four hours, republican cries of liberty would accompany the most brutal murders of their officers and shipmates, many of whom offered no resistance and left the captain, eight officers, the captain's clerk, and two midshipmen, dead and the bodies thrown overboard, some still alive when they hit the water.

The mutineers on arrival in the Spanish harbour of La Guaira convinced the governor to offer them safe passage with a story about how they had released Captain Pigot in a boat with his officers just as the Bounty mutineers had released Captain Bligh. A simple check of Hermione's boats would have revealed a full compliment and undermined this story that soon fell about as common gossip picked up the true account.

The story that follows the mutiny shifts to the 'Now What?' situation a hastily, rum fuelled explosion of violence had left the crew in, with ringleaders, joined by crew now seeing themselves caught up in the revolt despite not actively supporting it and those determined to stand apart as loyal to the crown, and they arrived at plan to take the ship south to La Guaira on the Spanish Main, to hand the ship over to Spain in return for immunity from being handed over to the British authorities, forcing all members of the crew to swear under duress an oath of silence as to the true account of what had occurred, whilst telling the Spanish that they had put all the officers alive in a boat after they had taken the ship, HMB Bounty style.


Needless to say the British Admiralty and indeed public were outraged at the mutiny, even more so when the details of exactly how bloody it had been became common knowledge and immediately all Royal Navy bases and commanders were put on alert to identify and apprehend mutineers likely trying to ply their trade at sea as privateers or merchantmen, relying on the testimony of those first crewmen caught who were supporters rather than active participants and were willing to turn King's Evidence as well as those crew who were prisoners of the Spanish and later returned under exchange terms.

The resultant pursuit of Hermione mutineers lasted ten years and led to political repercussions for the American government, keen to secure the rapid growth in their mercantile trade with Britain since the War of Independence by cooperating in extraditing British sailors apprehended in the states, but conscious of public indignation at handing over these former British seamen now claiming US citizenship, to a Royal Navy still held in contempt by a lot of Americans following the war with Britain, not to mention the infringements at sea, with RN captains impressing American sailors into their navy with scant regard to claims of being US citizens. 

In the end the Royal Navy managed to apprehend thirty-three mutineers and executed twenty-four of them and transported one to Australia, but this still left six of the most bloody ringleaders never found and brought to justice, with the last execution taking place in 1806 of James Hayes, fourteen year old at the time of the mutiny and the doctor's servant who took an active part in his murder of his master and was executed on October 17th from the yard of the former Spanish first rate, Salvador del Mundo, in the Hamoaze, Plymouth.

The Cutting Out of HMS Hermione, 25th October 1799 - Nicholas Pocock (RMG).
I think this is my favourite rendition of the cutting out of the Hermione (Santa Cecilia), by Pocock, wonderfully capturing the drama of the fight to secure the ship under the Spanish fortress guns as the HMS Surprise lies off shore in the darkness beyond.

The finale to this story is retaking of the former Hermione, now renamed by the Spanish as the Santa Cecilia and allowed, through astonishing Spanish bureaucracy, to languish in La Guaira for two years until heads were finally banged together to get the ship repaired, rearmed with Spanish ordnance, and made ready to serve the King of Spain against Britain's Royal Navy.

News of the readiness to activate the new frigate reached Admiral Sir Hyde Parker who for obvious reasons was keen to remove this blot on his service record in the Caribbean and thus made plans for one of his most effective and successful frigates, the HMS Surprise 28-guns, formerly the French corvette Unité of 32-guns, under the command of Captain Edward Hamilton to cruise the likely passage routes the Santa Cecilia was expected to take when she left La Guaira and take her at sea.

Captain Sir Edward Hamilton

Hamilton and his crew had proved themselves very adept at cutting out operations in their activities under Parker's command since joining his squadron in July 1797 and was keen to repeat this method of attack on the Santa Cecilia, but Parker insisted that he should intercept her at sea instead.

As it transpired, despite waiting several days on patrol in October 1799, carefully avoiding being seen by other ships, the Santa Cecilia had still not appeared and so Hamilton decided to close on the harbour and make sure his prey was still there and had not managed to slip away. Unfortunately for him he was spotted by a Danish merchantman who he was forced to divert from its intended passage in to La Guaira with some well aimed shotts across the bow, forcing him to revert to his previous plan to cut the Spanish frigate out before the return of the merchant and his likely warning of a British frigate sat outside the port.

The taking of the Santa Cecilia, 25th October 1799

The action to send in boats and cut the Santa Cecilia out from under the guns of the Spanish forts guarding the frigate is a classic boat action that, at one stage saw the British boarders up against three times their number of Spanish sailors, as they arrived to clamber up the sides of the enemy frigate, take the top deck and captain's cabin, before descending below onto the main gundeck to take the fight to the bulk of the Spanish crew, this whilst others cut her cables and lowered furled topsails to enable her to be manoeuvred out of the harbour towards an awaiting Surprise as the Spanish fortress gunners hit her with several shot, one below the water line and another hitting her mainmast.

The surprise and ferocity of the audacious British attack lived up to the name of their ship and the bulk of the Spanish crew at first focussed on firing their broadsides at some imaginary warship that had slipped into the harbour until, realising there were enemy above them on their own quarterdeck, they attempted to come up and restore the situation, only to be met by fusillades from the Royal Marines accompanied by grenades tossed down the hatches followed up by an assault below that accompanied by the movement of their ship out from under the protection of their fortress guns convinced the Spanish crew to surrender the ship.

The success of the recovery of the Hermione restored and made reputations and reminded Admiral Hyde Parker that the taking in of captured ships into the Royal Navy was an Admiralty prerogative and not his, but overlooking his presumption, soon put him back in his place by altering his decision to rename the Santa Cecilia, Retaliation, his response to his indignation at the Spanish for not apprehending the mutineers in the first place, but with the Admiralty preferring to name their returned ship, the Retribution to remind anyone else thinking of committing bloody mutiny and treason aboard one of His Majesty's Ships that the long arm of the Royal Navy would reach out to hunt them down.

The story of the mutiny on HMS Hermione is a truly ripping yarn in the annals of the long history of the Royal Navy and has everything that makes for a dramatic story, and one that no doubt caught the eye of the great story teller Dudley Pope, who did a magnificent job in pulling together the testimony's of those involved and the official records of the event from both the British, Spanish and American sources as well as forensically digging into the discipline records of the captains involved, namely Philip Wilkinson and Hugh Pigot to compare and contrast their approaches neither exemplary, but the latter totally inadequate to lead men, with an almost childish attitude to those under his command that rewarded favourites and broke good men who had already demonstrated their worth under better commanders.

Pigot was a tyrant and probably deserved the end that was meted out to him, but his subordinates didn't, and the bloody murders that followed his demise were outrageous and wantonly cold blooded and the response by the Admiralty in the wake of the threat to national security in time of war by the fleet mutinies at Spithead and the Nore in the same year explains the ferocity and doggedness of the pursuit of those involved.

Admiral Sir Hyde Parker is notable for the tone he set in his command, which allowed and supported men like Pigot to perpetrate the tyranny that they did, knowing they had his backing, and his lack of ability, alongside his obvious faults in setting the right tone for command, would be fully exposed when he would be appointed to command the expedition to Copenhagen with a certain Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson as his subordinate, a man who demonstrated the complete opposite way of commanding and leading men that inspired devotion and love rather than fear and an unmatched faith in his ability to lead them to success. Parker would be exposed in this campaign and would never command again in the wake of it.

The account by Angus Konstam certainly captured all the drama of Pope's incarnation and the Audible edition moved along at a fine pace to accompany my time at the painting desk and compared very well with my book read, so I would be happy to commend both to those interested in these kind of accounts, with the slight caveat that the Audible account read by Sid Sagar had reference to a heteronym, or word that is spelt the same but is pronounced differently according to the context it is used in, thus referring to the bow of the Hermione pronounced bow as in 'bow-tie' rather than bow as to 'bow-down', which was mildly irritating, once I worked out what was being referred to.

So the Black Ship published by Pen & Sword, by Dudley Pope and now in its third edition 363 reading pages from the Contents to Index and consists of the following:

Contents
List of Illustrations (eleven in black and white)
Map of the Caribbean, Santo Domingo and Bay of Gonaves arounf Port au Prince and Cape Nicolas Mole.
Authors Note
Chapters
1.     Mr Jessup's Petition
2.     Islands of Death
3.     Taking the Strain
4.     In Father's Lee
5.     The Red Baize Bag
6.     The Favourites
7.     'At Your Peril . . .'
8.     A Pride of Prizes
9.     The Shipwreck
10.   A Snub for Pigot
11.   The Last Farewell
12.   Mr Casey's Crisis
13.   The Inevitable Hour
14.   Time for Murder
15.   The Dead and the Drunk
16.   'Kill them All'
17.   The Oath of Secrecy
18.   The White Flag
19.   Bad News for Sir Hyde
20.   The Cost of Freedom
21.   On Board a Corsair
22.   Southcott's Revenge
23.   Bureaucrats at Bay
24.   'Sack Bligh or . . .'
25.   The US President Helps
26.   Through the Gates
27.   The Surprise
28.   The Retribution

Appendices a, b, c, d, e.
Notes and Bibliography
Unpublished Material
Published Works
Index

My Audible edition of Mutiny on the Spanish Main by Angus Konstam and read by Sid Sagar is published by Osprey in book format and Bloomsbury on Audible and in the latter format is slightly over eight hours of listening, consisting of the following;

Opening Credits
Preface
Chapters
1.     The Hermione
2.     Crisis in the Caribbean
3.     The Seeds of Mutiny
4.     The Fortunate Son
5.     The Caribbean Honeymoon
6.     The Floating Powder Keg
7.     Murder in the Night
8.     The Evil that Men Do
9.     The Spanish Main
10.   The Man Hunt
11.   An International Incident
12.   The Surprise
13.   The Cutting Out
14.   Retribution

End Credits

The Black Ship published back in 2009 is readily available in paperback for under ten pounds and likewise  Mutiny on the Spanish Main for under £15 from Amazon and £16.99 on Audible although I got my copy on one of my monthly credits.

Next up, I have another adventure with Mr Steve, exploring historical sites, to write about, plus I've been having fun at the Naval Wargames Society Show at Yeovilton, and work proceeds on the Camperdown project.

More anon 
JJ

Friday, 14 July 2023

Britain’s Last Invasion, The Battle of Fishguard 1797 - Phil Carradice


The reading for this month has concluded with my finishing, ‘Britain’s Last Invasion’ by Phil Carradice, which, as the Introduction to this book points out, covers an incident in British history that very few of my countrymen would have ever heard of and from a casual question posed to fellow club-mates at the DWG, namely “When was the last invasion of mainland Great Britain?” seemed to confirm with only one of a small sample theorising that the landing at Fishguard in 1797 might be a candidate, with others going for William of Orange and the Glorious Revolution of 1688 as more likely.

I myself already knew of this invasion, purely from my reading of an historical write up and suggested wargaming scenario in one of the hobby magazines from way-back-when, with, spoiler alert!!, memories of the fearless Jemima Fawr leading a regiment of black bonnet topped Welsh women in red cloaks out on to nearby hills to scare the French force into surrendering, whilst rounding up foragers at the point of a pitch fork. 

You will have to read Phil Carradice's book to get a better idea of what is myth and fact or indeed a bit of both, about this story, but I hope gives you the flavour of this 'ripping yarn', that the Battle of Fishguard is all about.

Jemima Fawr or as she also known, Jemima Nicholas was just one of the characters, and a very formidable one, the fills the narrative of this fascinating story.

Had I been asked to provide more detail on when exactly this invasion occurred, why and precisely how it ended in the way it did, and perhaps mentioning a few of the key characters involved I would have indeed been flummoxed and no doubt failed my Home-Office UK Nationality Test.

Phil Carradice has composed an enthralling account of this incredible story of poor planning, preparation and action, or as we used to say back in my professional days, guilty of not applying the five p's, 'proper preparation prevents p.ss-poor presentation', five not six as 'p.ss-poor' is hyphenated; this equally applying to both sides, that could have easily led to an entirely different outcome with a different throw of Fortuna’s dice and, as he points out in his conclusion to the book, ‘. . . any good story should contain the three p’s - place, people, problem’, this story having them all.

The five members of the French Directory in all their finery

To fully appreciate the astonishing thinking that characterised that of the leadership of the Revolutionary French Directorate that emerged from the bloody period of ‘The Terror’ one has to try and grasp the situation that prevailed in France in the late eighteenth century as the country emerged seemingly successfully from its struggle for survival against the monarchies of Europe, shocked and horrified at the execution of Louis XVI on the 21st January 1793, and bent on ending any possible contagion of the ‘republican’ menace that seemed to threaten the stability of the status quo enjoyed by the Ancien Regime.

Lazare Carnot - Alexandre-Marie Colin
Carnot was a soldier, politician and mathematician as well 
as a supreme organiser, credited with reforming the 
French Royalist Army into the Revolutionary one that stormed
across Europe in the last campaigns of the eighteenth century.
He would later emerge briefly as Napoleon's Minister of War

By 1797 the year of our story, Britain not for the last time stood alone, facing down the predominant power controlling the agenda in Europe and the French Directory and its leading member for military affairs, titled 'The Organiser of the Victory' for his reforms of the Revolutionary French Army that had led to French dominance in Europe, Lazarre Carnot, both determined to find a way of dealing with “perfidious Albion’ once and for all, with a country seemingly to French eyes, ripe for revolution by its down-trodden masses keen to overthrow the yoke of its ruling monarchy and aristocracy.

Of course this French appreciation failed to take into account that the British were already experienced in revolution and regicide long before it became a popular sport in France, a case of 'done that got the T-Shirt' and it’s evolution towards a more inclusive constitutional monarchy was in its infancy but already underway, an aspect that would only gather pace in the wake of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and the advent of the Industrial Revolution that would introduce to Britain the new ruling class or bourgeoise middle class of nouveau riche industrialists and merchants and the clamour for more political emancipation and inclusivity for the working man that would follow. 

In his quest for a plan to deal with the British and pay them back in kind for the support they had given to French Royalists in the Vendee Uprising, Carnot's search revealed the architects for the eventual French landing in Pembrokeshire, that would form part of a complicated and rather naïve plan to invade and subdue Britain through invasion and uprising.

General de Division Lazare Hoche (left) - Jean-Louis Laneuville and Theobold Wolfe Tone (right) - Artist Anonymous.
Hoche first saw action as a young lieutenant in 1792 and rose rapidly to general de brigade by September 1793, surviving the reign of terror and charges of treason with a record of achievement and success coupled with fiery energy. He defeated the British sponsored French Royalists in western France and was appointed by the Directorate to organise and lead the French Invasion of Ireland in July 1796. Wolfe Tone was a leading Irish Revolutionary figure and a founding member of the United Irishmen, a republican society determined to end British rule in Ireland. He would take part in the 1796 expedition led by Hoche and the later one in 1798 when he was captured by the Royal Navy, later committing suicide in prison, before his planned execution.
 
General de Division Hoche and the Irish republican Theobold Wolfe Tone, were the two men that between them would design the plan to invade Ireland in the winter of 1796 with Hoche leading a French army landed on the southern Irish coast and with Tone in collaboration with the United Irishmen raising the wider country up in support and arms to overthrow British rule in Ireland; this combined with two other landings on the British mainland designed to appeal to similar insurrection in disaffected parts of the country and to distract any British forces likely to be sent to Ireland as reinforcements.

The French plan for the Invasion of Britain, with the main operation aimed at Bantry Bay (2) in the winter of 1796, supported by two other later operations against mainland Britain, one at Bristol (4), to be redirected to Pembrokeshire should this prove problematic and another towards Newcastle (1). This against the backdrop of the ongoing war that would see the Royal Navy achieve a remarkable victory over the Spanish fleet, looking to support the French plans, but intercepted and defeated at the Battle of Cape St Vincent (3), 14th February 1797.
https://the-past.com/feature/fishguard-february-1797-the-last-french-invasion-of-britain/

If you are like me, an avid enthusiast for this period, you are likely aware of the unsuccessful outcome of the primary operation of the French plan and I have prepared several small ship historical actions to bring to the table with 'Kiss Me Hardy!' including the famous action between the French 74-gun Droits de l'Homme and Sir Edward Pellew's 46-gun Razee, Indefatigable in company with the 36-gun frigate Amazon fought close to the Britany coast following the French withdrawal.

So it was a fascinating read to discover that the French diversionary attack, initially planned against Bristol, but with a provision in the orders to divert to Pembrokeshire should the occasion demand, still proceeded in the year after the disastrous attempt to land in Ireland, during some of the worst winter storms imaginable, and despite the fact that its intended object was no longer part of a greater plan, and despite that the other diversionary attack planned on Newcastle had been abandoned.

I think Carradice does a really good job in painting the political picture that prevailed in France under the Directory following the bloody purges of 'The Terror' that preceded it, with the culture that developed, to simply do as one was ordered and not to question or act through volition and initiative; which might leave a commander and individual exposed to severe punitive disciplinary consequences in the result of failure, but that meant orders were followed to the letter even though the circumstances that prevailed at the time of their issuing were known to no longer apply, helping to give a modern reader an insight into this remarkable situation.

You couldn't possibly imagine that situation occurring today!

A grenadier, left, of the so called Legion Noire or 2nd Legion de Francs, wearing captured British coats from the Vendee expedition, dyed black but ending up a chocolate brown. The Legion would be the French invasion force of about 1,400 troops composed in the main of convicts, an ill disciplined and unenthusiastic corps that would be focussed on pillage and destruction rather than invasion. To right is a subaltern of the light company of the Fishguard and Newport Volunteers. The landing would not be opposed by any British regular troops other than a handful of artillerymen and would expose the utter lack of preparedness by the British authorities for this expedition and the possible consequences it might have caused had it been better prepared and organised.
https://the-past.com/feature/fishguard-february-1797-the-last-french-invasion-of-britain/

If this scenario wasn't already beyond belief in terms of military feasibility, the key architect of the plan, Hoche, had been reassigned to other operations in Europe, so was not even in charge of this fiasco, and the forces selected to land in Britain were composed of, in the main, 1,200 convicts, with little enthusiasm for the cause and no military discipline, stiffened by a few hundred regular grenadiers and led by an American adventurer, given the rank of Colonel, a certain William Tate; he having seen active service during the American War of Independence and whose only claim to lead this mission was his enthusiastic rabid hatred for all things British, supported by an officer cadre of young inexperienced disaffected Irishmen who potentially would, as British citizens, face execution for treason, should they be captured. 

Expendable, disaffected, undisciplined convicts being sent into battle. You couldn't imagine that happening today!

French troops landing at Fishguard

What follows the first five chapters covering the plan and the forces involved, together with the political and military scene outlined above, is a ripping yarn that introduces the reader to what followed when Tate and his men, it has to be said, safely manacled and locked below deck, boarded the eighteen-pounder French 48-gun frigates Vengeur and sister ship Resistance, together with the 22-gun corvette La Constance and the 12-gun lugger Le Vautour in Brest setting sail on the 18th February 1797.

As described this story is full of characters, from the high-born to the lowlier members of society and Carradice fills the account with the anecdotes and stories linked with them, helping to paint a picture of of their character's strengths and flaws, as they struggled to deal with a situation that for nearly all involved was unprecedented and left a deep memory on them and the local area around the tiny fishing village of Fishguard, where the French force landed on the nearby beaches and where they would lay down their arms a few days later.

A contemporary print of French troops surrendering on Goodwick Sands.

This was an easy read and I enjoyed progressing my way through the account, one chapter at a time each night, as part of my bed time read, and with a trip to Pembrokeshire coming up later this summer I'm hoping to take a drive out to some of the places mentioned, to soak up some of the history of this, the last invasion of mainland Britain by foreign troops.

Britain's Last Invasion, The Battle of Fishguard 1797 by Phil Carradice, is published by Pen & Sword and consists of 224 pages which includes the following:

Foreward
Introduction
A Brief Note on Illustrations and Images

Chapter 1        A Prelude to Disaster
Chapter 2        Revolution in France
Chapter 3        The Directory Lays its Plans
Chapter 4        Diversion and Attack
Chapter 5        The Legion Noire
Chapter 6        Towards Fishguard
Chapter 7        Tate's Landing
Chapter 8        Defending the Nation
Chapter 9        Establishing the Beachhead
Chapter 10      Went the Day Well?
Chapter 11      A Time of Duty and Disaster
Chapter 12      The Fleet Leaves
Chapter 13      Surrender      
Chapter 14      The Aftermath
Chapter 15      Effects
Chapter 16      Players Departing the Stage
Chapter 17      The British, Too
Conclusion

Notes
Bibliography
Acknowledgements
Index

My copy is a paperback edition and there are thirty-seven black and white illustrations in the book with several photographs of the area around Fishguard and the key buildings involved looking to have been taken in the late 19th century that really capture the likely look of the places at the time of the story. My only quibble, and its a small one, is the quality of the maps included, which at least they are included, but you will find better ones on 'The Past.com', one of which I included in this post to better illustrate the French plan.

The hardcover edition of the book is list price £19.99 and the paperback £12.99, but there are a range of prices around for this book in both formats on the used and new market, and I got my copy for considerably less than the list price, so, as always, it's worth shopping around.

If you would like an interesting Wargaming 'What If' AAR about Fishguard, plus loads of history, then check out this post on Jemima Fawr's Miniature Wargames Blog.


Next Up: Lots to post about here on JJ's with an upcoming trip to Wales to play Trafalgar on a two day boy's beano, five new models have been added to the collection that need to be showcased, my Australian adventure continues to the wonderful city of Brisbane, Jack's Spanish squadron are in the builder yard, nearing completion and I have a new project that I'm working on which includes some inspiration from Mel, The Terrain Tutor.


More anon
JJ