The World Turned Upside Down - 2nd Canadian Continental Regiment, 'Congress's Own'.

 

The 2nd Canadian Regiment (1776–1783), also known as Congress's Own or Hazen's Regiment, was a Continental regiment consisting primarily of volunteers from the Province of Quebec, which was authorized on January 20th, 1776 under the command of Colonel Moses Hazen. 

All or part of the regiment saw action at Staten Island, Brandywine, Germantown and the Siege of Yorktown, with most of its non-combat time spent in and around New York City as part of the forces monitoring the British forces occupying that city. The regiment was disbanded on November 15th, 1783 at West Point, New York.

Officer of the 2nd Canadian Regiment 1777-79

The regiment was one of a small number of Continental Army regiments that was the direct responsibility of the Continental Congress, as most Continental regiments were funded and supplied by a specific state. 

Drummer of the 2nd Canadian Regiment 1777-79

Commanded by Colonel (later Brigadier General) Moses Hazen for its entire existence, the regiment was originally made up of volunteers and refugees from Quebec who supported the rebel cause during the disastrous invasion of Canada, and Hazen and his staff were later authorized by Congress to recruit in other areas to supplement their ranks.

Fort Chambly, captured by American forces on October 20, 1775, during the American Invasion of Canada of 1775–76, it was held until the spring of 1776 when it was evacuated and burned, as the Americans retreated southward to Fort Ticonderoga.

Late in 1775, Colonel James Livingston raised and commanded a regiment of Canadians that fought at St. Jean, Quebec, in support of General Montgomery's 1775 invasion of Quebec, and Livingston's 300 Canadians, along with about 50 Americans, were instrumental in the fall of Fort Chambly during that engagement. Livingston's regiment, which was not formalized by Montgomery until November 1775, also participated in the action at Quebec.

Moses Hazen had served as a lieutenant in the 44th Regiment during the French and Indian War and was receiving a half-pay pension for his British service, and in 1775, while he was living on this plus the income from his estate in St. Jean, Quebec, the colonial army invaded. Hazen was arrested by the British on suspicion of spying for the Americans, and was held a prisoner for fifty-four days, until he was finally released by General Montgomery after the fall of Montreal in November. 

Benedict Arnold is escorted away wounded in the failed assault on Quebec, 31st December 1775 - Osprey CAMPAIGN 128: Quebec 1775

Hazen then joined the American cause, and took part in the Battle of Quebec, and following the American failure to take the city, Hazen and Edward Antill, an American expatriate, travelled to Philadelphia to report on the battle; following which Congress partially compensated Hazen by establishing the 2nd Canadian Regiment, for which he accepted the command, whilst Antill was made lieutenant colonel of the regiment. 

On January 20th, 1776, Congress authorized the 2nd Canadian Regiment with an allowed maximum strength of 1,000 men, and consisting of four battalions (5 companies each), the only oversized regiment in the Continental Army, and seemingly borrowing its structure from the French army, no doubt meant to attract French Canadians, but not proving a resounding success, never raising more than half its compliment.

It was assigned to the Army's Canadian Department, and was organized by Hazen on February 10th, 1776, at Montreal, to be recruited from the Richelieu and St. Lawrence Valleys. Over the next two months, Hazen and Antill recruited in those areas, until early April, when the recruiting funds dried up, having raised about 250 men, and by July 1776 when the regiment was based in Albany its numbers had dwindled to about 100 men.

2nd Canadian Regiment, Light Company

It was reorganized on January 1st, 1777, to consist of four battalions (20 companies), and Hazen was given permission to recruit "at large" – that is, he was allowed to recruit from any states, not just Quebec. These recruitment efforts met with mixed success, as most states had been assigned quotas for troop recruitment to fill their line companies, and thus preferred to have men enter those commands rather than Hazen's. On January 8th, the regiment was assigned to the Main Army.

The regiment was at Princeton, New Jersey, as early as May 19th, 1777, where it was assigned on May 22nd to the 2nd Maryland Brigade of the Main Army, and in early August the regiment, brigaded as part of General John Sullivan's Division, was encamped at Hanover, New Jersey. 

Division: Major General John Sullivan 

1st Maryland Brigade: Unknown commander (William Smallwood's brigade)

1st Maryland Regiment
3rd Maryland Regiment
7th Maryland Regiment
1st Delaware Regiment, Colonel David Hall (250)

2nd Maryland Brigade: Brigadier General Chevalier Philippe Hubert Preudhomme de Borre

2nd Maryland Regiment
4th Maryland Regiment, Colonel Josias Carvil Hall
6th Maryland Regiment
2nd Canadian Regiment, Colonel Moses Hazen (400)

Several of the regiment's companies participated in the Battle of Staten Island on August 22nd, 1777 suffering the loss of 8 officers and 40 men, and the captured including Antill who would not be exchanged until November 10th, 1780.

Troop movements during Battle of Staten Island, August 22, 1777
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Staten_Island#/media/File:Battle_of_Staten_Island,_1777.svg
The Battle of Staten Island was a failed raid by Continental Army troops under Major General John Sullivan against British forces on Staten Island with the raid suffering from a shortage of boats to effect its retreat, costing it two companies, and one of its detachments was misled by its guide to the front of the British position rather than its rear. As a result, American losses of dead, wounded, and captured were each double or more those of the British, depriving Washington of some 180-300 men needed for his summer campaign.

Sullivan's division then marched south to join Washington's army in the defence of Philadelphia and on September 11th, 1777, the regiment was in De Borre's Brigade of the Division, and was initially assigned the task of defending Wistar's (200 men) and Buffington's Fords (200 men) situated just below the forks of the Brandywine Creek at the extreme right of the Continental position east of the Brandywine, where they were nearly cut off by Howe's flanking attack that afternoon. 

Jeffrey’s Ford: Battle of Brandywine Creek on 11th September 1777

Hazen's troops spotted the British flanking manoeuvre crossing the Brandywine River, and they sent a report of this movement to General Washington, who initially did not believe this intelligence despite its corroboration by Lieutenant Colonel James Ross. 

Map of the Battle of Brandywine Creek on 11th September 1777  - Map by John Fawkes 
The early morning moves in the Battle of Brandywine saw British General Howe's flanking force under Earl Cornwallis set off on its march at 04.00 to arrive on the battlefield via Trimble's and Jeffries Fords, outflanking Hazen's Canadians at Wistar's and Buffington's Fords.

They were later used to screen the artillery and other troops of Sullivan's division as they manoeuvred to get into position to meet the fast moving British attacking force.

American troops at the Battle of Brandywine Creek on 11th September 1777 - Frederick Coffay Yohn

Outnumbered and outmanoeuvred, Washington was forced to call a full retreat as British and Hessian forces approached from front and flank, threatening to trap and destroy his entire army.

Caught up in the resulting rout was Sergeant John Hawkins of the 2nd Canadian Regiment, who attempting to climb over a fence, was forced to leave his encumbering knapsack behind in order to escape onrushing British Highlanders. Though he would live to fight another day, and be promoted to Sergeant Major the very next month, Hawkins would never see the contents of his knapsack again, with his account appearing in the 1896 issue of the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography

"September 11, 1777. — About one o'clock the enemy appeared in motion advancing towards us. Our regiment was posted on the right of the Army, and was the first attacked and among the last to leave the field.  A heavy fire of artillery and musketry was carried on by both sides the whole afternoon with scarcely any intermission. The enemy were much superior to us in numbers, as but a small part of our army were engaged, the greater part being away on the left. In justice to the brave officers and men of our regiment, Col. Hazen thought himself obliged to affirm, that no troops behaved better, nor any troops left the field in greater order. Four officers, and seventy-three non-commissioned officers and rank and file of the regiment were killed, wounded and taken prisoners. "

In the engagement, I lost my knapsack, which contained the following articles, viz. 1 uniform Coat — brown faced with white; 1 shirt; 1 pr. Stockings; 1 sergeants sash; 1 pr. knee buckles; } lb Soap; 1 Orderly Book; 1 Mem° Book, of Journal and state of my company; 1 quire paper; 2 vials ink; 1 brass Ink horn; 40 Morning returns, printed blanks; 1 tin gill cup; A letter and a book entitled Rutherford's Letters. I likewise lost my hat, but recovered it again.

The Museum of the American Revolution have put together a marvellous reconstruction of Sgt. Hawkins knapsack and its contents which can be seen in more detail in the link below.
https://www.amrevmuseum.org/sergeant-john-hawkins-lost-pack-discovery-cart

The weather was very warm, and tho my knapsack was very light, was very cumbersome, as it swung about when walking or running, and in crossing fences was in the way so I cast it away from me, and had I not done so would have been grabbed by one of the ill-looking Highlanders, a number of whom were fireing and advancing very brisk towards our rear. The smoke was so very thick that about the close of the day I lost sight of our regiment, and just at dark I fell in with the North Carolina troops, and about two o'clock in the morning (Sept. 12), arrived at Chester just as the whole of the baggage wagons were leaving. I saw several regiments which had been halted for a rest. I searched around for tidings of my regiment, but could only find one officer and three or four men. I rested by one of the camp fires until day, when I heard that my regiment was coming. About 8 o clock it reached Chester, when the whole body of troops that was there marched towards Darby. On a hill, just beyond Darby, we halted and rested for two hours, and then marched until we came to the Lancaster road. near Gardner's Place, where we halted and at the edge of a woods rested for the night."

" September 13. — The different regiments marched down to the Middle Ferry on Schuylkill, crossed on the Floating Bridge, and proceeded through the Northern Liberties of Philadelphia to Germantown, just back of which we halted and pitched our tents.

"September 14. — Tents struck, baggage sent off to Bethlehem, and marched to Swede's Ford, crossed, the water up to our middle, thence to Merion meeting-house, when we turned into the Lancaster road and kept on until we came near the eleven mile stone, when we halted in the woods and rested for the night. Here a number of our men joined us, whom we thought had been captured.''

Still under Sullivan's command, the regiment participated in the Battle of Germantown on October 4th, 1777. 

Division: Major General Sullivan (1,000)

1st Maryland Brigade: Colonel John Hoskins Stone

1st Maryland Regiment, Colonel John Hoskins Stone
3rd Maryland Regiment
7th Maryland Regiment
1st Delaware Regiment, Colonel David Hall

2nd Maryland Brigade: Colonel Moses Hazen

2nd Maryland Regiment
4th Maryland Regiment, Colonel Josias Hall, Major John Eager Howard
6th Maryland Regiment
2nd Canadian Regiment, Colonel Moses Hazen

The British were encamped at Germantown northwest of Philadelphia, and on the evening of October 3rd General Washington ordered his troops, encamped at Skippack Creek on the north side of the Schuylkill River, to march 17 miles as part of a planned surprise attack on the British at daybreak. 

Map of the Battle of Germantown on 4th October 1777  - Map by John Fawkes

Washington determined to surprise the British army in camp, and his plan required a strong column under Major-General Nathaniel Greene, with the brigades of McDougall, Muhlenberg, Stephen and Scott, to attack the right wing of the British army, which comprised Grant’s and Donop’s troops. The second column, which Washington commanded, with Stirling and Sullivan, would advance down the main Philadelphia road and attack the British centre. Forces of American militia would attack each wing of the British force, formed of the Queen’s Rangers on the right, and, on the left near the Schuylkill River, Hessian Jägers and British Light Infantry.

The regiment was part of the platoon of the advance party that first entered Germantown before the battle became general. Unbeknownst to Washington, the columns of Greene and Smallwood got lost. Washington himself accompanied Sullivan's force and, at 5 am, ordered him to launch the assault. The leading element of Sullivan's column, General Thomas Conway's brigade, attacked the British 2d Light Infantry battalion, which had been reinforced by the British 40th Regiment of Foot under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Musgrave. 

When Washington was finally compelled to break off the battle, the final tally of casualties amounted to 500 British killed, wounded or captured and 1,000 Americans killed, wounded or captured that included 50 Americans killed attacking the Chew House.

The 2nd Canadian regiment formed part of Sullivan's early attack on the British, and its losses were 3 officers and 19 men.

On December 21st, 1777, the regiment and a detachment of the Maryland Line under the command of General William Smallwood (the 2nd Maryland Brigade) arrived at Wilmington, Delaware, to protect the city from the British, that would see Smallwood's capture of the British armed brigantine Symmetry on December 30th laden with supplies, including winter clothing, en route to the British in Philadelphia.

For my early war incarnation of the 2nd Canadians, I have used a white colour to match their facings, but have the brown and gold option to use with a more suitable red faced battalion for later war actions.

From January 1778 the regiment was transferred to the Northern Department with a resurrected plan of a second invasion of Quebec later called off in the following March following difficulties in acquiring the required manpower and supplies that would see the 2nd Canadians begin their extended tour of duty observing the British garrison in New York city.

One of the advantages of basing with sabots is that I can change figures as required, so here utilising my generic red-faced battalion, top left, to recreate the 2nd Canadians after 1779 to which I will add a red faced standard bearer/ensign carrying the alternative brown and gold colour from Flags of War range.
https://www.flagsofwar.com/collections/awi-american-patriots

In 1779, the regiment was somewhat unique in that it didn't change uniform to the new regulation army dark blue, but instead maintained the brown, changing to red facings.

Private soldier of the 2nd Canadian Regiment after 1779 - Don Troiani

In the spring of 1780, the regiment was subjected to a thorough inspection by Baron von Steuben, and was found to be "well taken care of", with Von Steuben making recommendations that resulted in the merging of the 1st and 2nd Canadian regiments in 1781, which would be designated as the Canadian Regiment, with foreign volunteers assigned to the regiment.

On June 29th, 1781 Hazen was finally given a brevet promotion to brigadier general.

Sergeant John Hawkins, hand raised, and knapsack restored, beckons forth the 2nd Canadian, Congress's Own, Regiment of Continentals.

On August 10th, 1781, the Canadian Regiment was reassigned from the Northern Department to the Main Army, and on August 19th, Washington used the regiment to feint preparations for an attack on New York. Meanwhile, the main body of the American Army was starting their southward movement toward Yorktown, with the regiment withdrawn, for three days from August 22nd–25th.

It then went down the Hudson River and joined the army on the way to Yorktown and on September 24th, Hazen was given command of the second brigade of the Marquis de Lafayette's Light Division, to which the Canadian Regiment (now under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Antill) was assigned,  the regiment arriving at Yorktown on September 28th.

Assault on Redoubt 10 at Yorktown by the American Light Infantry under Lt. Col. Alexander Hamilton on the evening of October 14, 1781 - U.S. Army Center of Military History

Roughly a quarter of the regiment participated in the siege, and was involved in the October 14th attacks on the British redoubts, in which, according to Lafayette's own account, the Americans did not fire a gun, but used only the bayonet. 

In June 1783, with the peace nearly finalised, much of the regiment was furloughed and, with issues over outstanding pay from Congress finally resolved, the regiment was completely disbanded on November 15th, 1783, at West Point, New York.

My 2nd Canadian Regiment are composed of the plastic Continental Infantry offerings from Perry Miniatures and are fitted out with the white colour from Flags of War, and completed with my low-profile sabot bases from Supreme Littleness Designs.

Going forward, I plan to add another sabot of four figures to raise the Canadians to a twenty figure battalion, better suited to represent them at the 400 plus men level than the 320 plus men they are shown as here.

As always, more anon.

JJ

The Battle of Lowestoft 13th June 1665 (A Scenario Based on the Opening Moves) - General at Sea

The Battle of Lowestoft 1665 - Jan de Quelery
https://www.quelery.nl/Q/works/The-Battle-of-Lowestoft-1665

The Anglo-Dutch Wars sees the first tactical developments of a fixed order of battle to be imposed on conservative captains, with English admirals well aware of the evil of allowing a battle to degenerate into a series of private duels and detached skirmishes, and the temptation among their commanders to acquire glory by boarding and taking an enemy ship, knowing too well the nature of their gentlemen captains and captains of hired merchantmen, only too anxious to make private captures.

Apart from the size of the fleets involved making the maintenance of cohesion particularly difficult, if the enemy fleet started to shed small groups here and there through disablement, inefficiency or faint heartedness, or as part of a ruse de guerre, common sense demanded complete concentration of the main force so as to take, sink or disable as many enemy ships as possible, including the flagship of the commander-in-chief.

There really are not many helpful comparisons with this early era of age of sail naval warfare with that of the far smaller and more highly trained fleets of Nelson's time and thus makes the gaming of these early battles a very interesting intellectual challenge for the gamer handling similar issues faced by the respective commanders. 

In 'Naval Warfare in the Age of Sail' by Brian Tunstall, the author, poses the question 

'What were the sea battles of the Second and Third Dutch Wars really like?' stating that ' Despite narratives and observations in flag-officers journals and elsewhere, the evidence for effective tactical cohesion is slight. It was the squadron commanders of the Red, White and Blue who dictated the form of the battle, even though they could not wholly prevent their own vice-admirals and rear-admirals from fighting independent small divisional actions. In view, moreover, of the individual differences in gunpower of the so called ships-of-the-line, it is scarcely surprising that the 'flagmen' in the big ships, tended to become centres of local engagement.

There was of course a great awareness of the need to co-operate, and particularly of the need to relieve ships in distress. There was also a keen sense of the need to anticipate the next move of the nearest enemy and to take action in advance to cover or relieve ships of another squadron or division rather than merely to safeguard one's own.

All this showed an admirable sense of what a hundred and thirty years later could be characterised as mutual support. It stemmed, however, from tactical anarchy rather than from tactical formalism, which was wisely ignored when deemed necessary, by sophisticated commanders.' 

The Battle of Lowestoft took place on the 13th June 1665 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War, when a fleet of more than a hundred ships of the United Provinces commanded by Lieutenant-Admiral Jacob van Wassenaer, Lord Obdam, attacked a British fleet of equal size commanded by James, Duke of York, forty miles east of the port of Lowestoft in Suffolk.

Jacob Baron van Wassenaer (1616-65)
attributed to Abraham Willaerts

The battle showed most of the tactical shortcomings characteristic of both wars, with Lord Sandwich recording his observations;

'Whereas our order of battle was a line, that so every ship might have his part in fighting and be clear of his friends from doing them damage, yet many of our ships did not observe it, but luffed up to windward that we were in ranks of 3, 4 or 5 broad, and divers out of reach of the enemy fired over us and several into us and did us hurt.'

Although it was a substantial English victory, the escape of the bulk of the Dutch fleet deprived England of the chance of ending the war quickly with a single decisive victory, and as a result, the Dutch were able to make good their losses by building new and better-armed ships and improving their organisation and discipline. 

Their Dutch fleets would not be so badly organised or ill-disciplined in the remaining battles of this war and, in Obdam's replacement, Michiel de Ruyter, the Dutch had gained a superb tactician and leader for the remainder of the war.

This post follows in a series hosted here on JJ's, showcasing a friend of mine's marvellous collection of 1:1200 collection of Anglo-Dutch warships, which have featured here in a series of posts using the rules General at Sea published by the Pike and Shot Society; with these posts designed to show how these naval battles can be brought to the table and the games they create, combined with the eye-candy this unique period of the age-of-sail has to offer.

If you would like to look back at the previous posts including fleet reviews of the English and Dutch collections, you can follow the link below.

JJ's Wargames - Anglo-Dutch Wars

So with the historic preamble setting the scene for our historic sea-battle summarised, I now have the pleasure of presenting Capt. Steve's scenario based on the opening moves of the Battle of Lowestoft, as recreated using his wonderful collection of model ships and his account of the moves and action from his solo play. The comments around the pictures are direct quotes from Steve to me as he played through each turn.

Setup and Start

Here is the initial set up. Wind from the south west, English on a broad reach and the Dutch beating to windward. I have set them just far enough apart so that whichever wins the initiative, will get ahead of the other, that 'other' side then having to either give way or attempt to breakthrough. 

This could be nasty.

Wind from the south west, English on a broad reach and Dutch beating to

windward.

Turn One

The Dutch won the initiative and moved first. English Vice-Admiral Myngs came into contact with the lead Frisian and was disrupted by its fire.

Undaunted, he attempted to break through and did so, stern raking the Frisian as he did and inflicting level two damage. Once through, the Frisian fired with its port side but as she was firing for the second time in this turn, was disrupted and at level two damage, and thus this caused no further damage to Myngs. 

Vice-Admiral Christopher Myngs (1625-1666)
by Peter Lely

Both Myngs and the Frisian were able to recover from disruption but now Myngs is cut off from the rest of his division unless they also follow him through.

Turn Two

Dutch win the initiative and move first, slowed by the damaged stand leading them. This stand and the Frisian admiral fire on the second English stand, disrupting it twice and so causing level one damaged.

The English stand tries to follow Myngs but as disrupted and damaged fails to break through and so turns to port. Myngs also turns to port and exchanges long range fire with the third Frisian. Both disrupted but recover.

It looks like Myngs will have to pass the whole Dutch line - as one English ship did at Lowestoft - or try to break back through to rejoin his currently out of command division.

Turn Three

Dutch have initiative again and move first. The third English stand turns to port to follow the damaged stand. Both sides firing at close range. The damaged stand is scattered and the other disrupted. The English van narrowly passes its Squadron reaction test. 

Myngs having thrown a six uses his remaining CPs to recover the third stand and himself from disruption but fails to recover the scattered stand.

Close range fire leaves the leading English ship, top centre, damaged and it becomes scattered, whilst the second in line becomes disrupted.

Turn Four

The Scattered stand turns and begins to limp away. The Dutch move first and begin to turn from the second stand, allowing their damaged lead to move off to repair. Close fighting along the line leads to one damage to an English fourth rate. Meanwhile Myngs turns to pass the Dutch rear next turn, sustaining damage level one but recovers from disruption.

The scattered English stand can be seen to have turned and begins to limp away.

Turn Five

The English have the initiative and move first, turning to port in line. Heavy fighting, some at close range results in many stands disrupted and at damage level one. 

'Heavy fighting, some at close range results in many stands disrupted and at damage level one.' 

Myngs turns and rakes the rearmost Zealander. One English stand is scattered but the squadron passes its reaction test and Rupert manages to recover it, reducing it to disrupted.

'Myngs turns and rakes the rearmost Zealander.'

Turn Six

Rupert launches a fireship at the damaged Frisian opposite him. This, plus the fire from the ship astern, causes the Frisian level two damage and is scattered. 

The squadron passes its reaction test. Firing down the line at long range results in some disruption but these are recovered.

'Rupert launches a fireship at the damaged Frisian opposite him.'

Turn Seven

The firing became general along the line. The scattered Frisian turns to port to try to escape its tormentors and try to put out any fires created by the fireship. Rupert at damage level two is disrupted and is scattered, however the Squadron passes its reaction test. 

Rupert manages to recover from scattered but decides that it is time for him to withdraw because he may not be so lucky next time.

Turn Eight

Rupert has started to pull out of line. Myngs is trying to gather what is left of his command back together. Evertsen in the Zealand flagship considered breaking through the English stand ahead of him but the presence of another English stand behind it, prevents him and he has to veer off. Sadly he does not have enough CPs left to launch his fireship. Other firing is not effective as stands are no longer at close range and are disrupted and damaged.

Rupert withdraws, covered by two of his supports. Firing along the line only causes some stands on both sides to become disrupted. Poor dice throws mean insufficient CPs to recover them.

Turn Nine 

The scattered English stand finally leaves the table. The rear English stand exchanges fire at close range with the third Zeelander. Both cause disruption but as they are both already disrupted, this means they both receive level one damage. Other long range fire has no effect.

End of Turn Ten

Both sides moving out of range, apart from two stands that exchange fire to no effect as they separate. 

I will end the game here.

Both sides have one scattered stand, but the Dutch have seized and retained the weather gauge. Rupert is badly damaged and will need time to recover from disruption and to reduce from level two damage down to one. So, the Dutch are in a better position to resume fighting and I declare them the winners.

Learning points.

1. Keep divisions together. The English van suffered from the loss of Myngs’ leadership once he disappeared behind the Dutch until he appeared at the end of their line.

2. It is vital that commanders retain some CPs to be able to recover disrupted stands.

3. It is also vital that disrupted stands are recovered as soon as possible, otherwise they rapidly go downhill.

4. This game was fought at close range from the start and stands sustained heavy damage from the outset.

5. Lastly, this is the best tool for these rules.

'The best tool for these rules.'

Finally, I have a postscript from Steve from his previous accounts of Livorno and the Dutch Fleet Review.

First up is a view of Steve's model of Livorno harbour that featured in his first AAR of the battle and linked above.

A revised view of Livorno Harbour.

The three ships shown in the Dutch fleet review, illustrating the detail Steve had included in the modelling of the specific stern gallery detail on individual Dutch warships omitted the name of the model at the centre which he has informed me is the Frisian ship Stad en Lande (Town and Country).

The Dutch ship in the centre of this three from the Dutch Fleet review is the Stad en Lande

Thank you to Steve for another entertaining delve into the fascinating Anglo-Dutch naval war and his ideas about recreating these battles using General at Sea.

As always, more anon.

JJ